搞懂支付系统的核心之一就是搞清楚资金流与信息流。在支付系统设计,以及支付渠道、资金托管方案的选取上有重要作用。搞清楚资金流与信息流,也可以方便产品设计人员与财务人员沟通,提早在合规性方面有所准备。


资金流&信息流综述
信息流、资金流是电商兴起后出现的比较高频的词汇,和物流合称为“三流”。
- 信息流:指的是完整的交易流程信息,包含交易、支付和结算指令集合。
- 资金流:交易资金的流动。资金包括储蓄卡余额、信用卡授信额度、合法第三方支付机构开设的钱包余额以及消费金融公司的授信额度。以上资金的流动称为资金流。
- 物流:交易商品的流动。(实物流、服务流等)
在新零售、供应链金融等场景下也有对上述“三流”的各种解释。
古代的资金流&信息流
A有一笔银子给远方的B。为了便于携带和安全,A先去钱庄兑换成银票。然后把银票委托镖局运输。B在收到银票后,去相应的钱庄再兑换成银子。在这个过程中,就存在资金和信息的流动。
晚晴的时期山西的票号和江南的钱庄都是类似的业务。


资金流:A——钱庄——B
信息流:A——镖局——B
钱庄的在整个流程的角色是账户机构的角色。它负责把真实的资金(银子)兑换成虚拟的传输介质(银票)。和现在的银行类似,现在金融行业的票据(支票等),其本质和银票类似。
银票不是法币,不属于资金范畴。其概念和纸币(人民币、美金)在法律意义上是不一样的东西。我们在银行的活期储蓄和信用额度(信用卡)有国家法定机构(银行)承认,属于资金范畴。
POS收单的资金流&信息流
1. 本行收单
POS机、商户结算卡、客户银行卡为同一家银行,以建行为例:


因为客户的卡和商户的POS是一家银行的,所以从业务上看效果是这样的:客户银行卡的余额减少了,商户的卡余额增加了。虽然钱都是在建行体系内,但是资金的所属关系发生了转移,而资金的所属权的转移就是资金流。
2. 跨行收单
每个箭头都表示一个交易信息流。黄色表示有资金随着流转。因为是跨行收单,所以资金从客户的招行卡转移到商户的建行卡,中间经过了银联的清算处理。


以上两个例子只是大概表示支付的核心流程。本段主要是区分资金流和信息流的概念。
资金在银行体系内流转以及跨行都是需要非常复杂的处理流程,继续往下看!
微信支付的资金流&信息流
在微信支付的体系中,商家接入微信有三种方式:普通商户版、服务商版、银行服务商版(点击查看详情)。
三者的异同在于入网手续(开通支付)、支付(信息流+资金流)、结算(资金流)。
1. 普通商户版


入网:商户自己去微信支付官网申请。
支付:商户需要开发系统对接微信支付的API,或申请线下收款码、刷脸收单设备等。
结算:微信直接结算给商户。
2. 服务商版


“代”表示服务商,有些语境下叫代理商、渠道商、都可以。
- 入网:商户自己提交资料给服务商(代理商)。
- 支付:服务商提供系统或收款码、刷脸收单设备等。
- 结算:微信直接结算给商户。微信会在商户交易中分佣给服务商(根据商户和服务商合作的方式而定)。
3. 银行服务商版


“渠”表示服务商下的渠道商,因为银行是微信支付的服务商,“渠道商”可称为“子服务商”,都是市场通俗说法。
- 入网:商户自己提交资料给子服务商(渠道商)。
- 支付:商户可自己开发系统对接渠道商接口,或使用渠道商(渠道商本身做平台)交易系统。
- 结算:微信结算给银行。由银行做商户的结算和分账操作。可以参考我的另外一篇文章《支付系统架构设计(中):分账》。
银行角度的资金流&信息流
在前面两个POS收单场景中,我们是在客户和商户角度看到的资金流和信息流的关系,下面我来以银行的角度来看下。
1. 本行交易


2. 跨行交易


结算、清算的概念
银联定义:
- 结算:银行完成支付机构或用户交易资金转移的过程。
- 清算:大额支付系统内,不同银行间的资金首付过程。
我们回到POS收单场景,在第一个行内交易场景的时候。最后商户的账户到账的这个动作我们称之为结算。但是在给商户结算之前,银行内部有个跨系统“资金划拨”,“资金汇划”的过程。这个过程都是在行内的交易完成的,其本质就是银行内部以账户为核心的账务操作。(改变资金所属权)这个内部账务的操作我们称之为“清分”。
所以有些场景下我们可以理解为:清算=清分+结算。
- 清算:账务与资金同步。
- 清分:不涉及资金流转,系统内部跨账户的账务操作。
- 结算:资金所属权的转移。
银联定义的清算含义 指的就是在人行内部,银行与银行之间的资金所属权转移。人行是银行的银行,可以这么理解。个人和企业在普通银行开账户,每个银行也会在人行开设账户。
总结
理解概念不能脱离实际场景,基于具体场景去理解概念是最有效的方式。
虽然基于场景理解概念会造成对其含义把握局限性,但是这个随着场景越来越多,每个人综合分析后就会把握概念其本质含义。后续文章介绍网联和备付金概念时会大量应用这些。
本文我们通过银票、POS本行收单、POS跨行收单解释了资金流和信息流,又以资金流和信息流的角度解释了微信支付的三种模式。资金流和信息流的合规性是评断支付系统合规性评断的锚点,大家可以多找场景去揣摩其含义背后的本质。
笔者近几年误打误撞进入金融科技领域工作,最开始最痛苦的就是对概念的理解把握不足。为此笔者(笔者早期自学过经济学)开始恶补金融学相关专业,看了众多的书籍和文章,同时和业内的同学、朋友交流、请教,最后结合实践总结自己的体会。希望可以分享出来给刚入行的朋友们一个少走弯路的通道,同时也希望走过路过的专家、高手不吝赐教。
请大家持续关注,欢迎留言讨论。
注:文/侠之大者,文章来源:人人都是产品经理。本文为作者独立观点,不代表虚拟卡客立场,内容仅供网友参考学习。对于因本网站内容所引起的纠纷、损失等,虚拟卡客均不承担侵权行为的连带责任。
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