搞懂支付系统的核心之一就是搞清楚资金流与信息流。在支付系统设计，以及支付渠道、资金托管方案的选取上有重要作用。搞清楚资金流与信息流，也可以方便产品设计人员与财务人员沟通，提早在合规性方面有所准备。
资金流&信息流综述
信息流、资金流是电商兴起后出现的比较高频的词汇，和物流合称为“三流”。
- 信息流：指的是完整的交易流程信息，包含交易、支付和结算指令集合。
- 资金流：交易资金的流动。资金包括储蓄卡余额、信用卡授信额度、合法第三方支付机构开设的钱包余额以及消费金融公司的授信额度。以上资金的流动称为资金流。
- 物流：交易商品的流动。（实物流、服务流等）
在新零售、供应链金融等场景下也有对上述“三流”的各种解释。
古代的资金流&信息流
A有一笔银子给远方的B。为了便于携带和安全，A先去钱庄兑换成银票。然后把银票委托镖局运输。B在收到银票后，去相应的钱庄再兑换成银子。在这个过程中，就存在资金和信息的流动。
晚晴的时期山西的票号和江南的钱庄都是类似的业务。
资金流：A——钱庄——B
信息流：A——镖局——B
钱庄的在整个流程的角色是账户机构的角色。它负责把真实的资金（银子）兑换成虚拟的传输介质（银票）。和现在的银行类似，现在金融行业的票据（支票等），其本质和银票类似。
银票不是法币，不属于资金范畴。其概念和纸币（人民币、美金）在法律意义上是不一样的东西。我们在银行的活期储蓄和信用额度（信用卡）有国家法定机构（银行）承认，属于资金范畴。
POS收单的资金流&信息流
1. 本行收单
POS机、商户结算卡、客户银行卡为同一家银行，以建行为例：
因为客户的卡和商户的POS是一家银行的，所以从业务上看效果是这样的：客户银行卡的余额减少了，商户的卡余额增加了。虽然钱都是在建行体系内，但是资金的所属关系发生了转移，而资金的所属权的转移就是资金流。
2. 跨行收单
每个箭头都表示一个交易信息流。黄色表示有资金随着流转。因为是跨行收单，所以资金从客户的招行卡转移到商户的建行卡，中间经过了银联的清算处理。
以上两个例子只是大概表示支付的核心流程。本段主要是区分资金流和信息流的概念。
资金在银行体系内流转以及跨行都是需要非常复杂的处理流程，继续往下看！
微信支付的资金流&信息流
在微信支付的体系中，商家接入微信有三种方式：普通商户版、服务商版、银行服务商版（点击查看详情）。
三者的异同在于入网手续（开通支付）、支付（信息流+资金流）、结算（资金流）。
1. 普通商户版
入网：商户自己去微信支付官网申请。
支付：商户需要开发系统对接微信支付的API，或申请线下收款码、刷脸收单设备等。
结算：微信直接结算给商户。
2. 服务商版
“代”表示服务商，有些语境下叫代理商、渠道商、都可以。
- 入网：商户自己提交资料给服务商（代理商）。
- 支付：服务商提供系统或收款码、刷脸收单设备等。
- 结算：微信直接结算给商户。微信会在商户交易中分佣给服务商（根据商户和服务商合作的方式而定）。
3. 银行服务商版
“渠”表示服务商下的渠道商，因为银行是微信支付的服务商，“渠道商”可称为“子服务商”，都是市场通俗说法。
- 入网：商户自己提交资料给子服务商（渠道商）。
- 支付：商户可自己开发系统对接渠道商接口，或使用渠道商（渠道商本身做平台）交易系统。
- 结算：微信结算给银行。由银行做商户的结算和分账操作。可以参考我的另外一篇文章《支付系统架构设计（中）：分账》。
银行角度的资金流&信息流
在前面两个POS收单场景中，我们是在客户和商户角度看到的资金流和信息流的关系，下面我来以银行的角度来看下。
1. 本行交易
2. 跨行交易
结算、清算的概念
银联定义：
- 结算：银行完成支付机构或用户交易资金转移的过程。
- 清算：大额支付系统内，不同银行间的资金首付过程。
我们回到POS收单场景，在第一个行内交易场景的时候。最后商户的账户到账的这个动作我们称之为结算。但是在给商户结算之前，银行内部有个跨系统“资金划拨”，“资金汇划”的过程。这个过程都是在行内的交易完成的，其本质就是银行内部以账户为核心的账务操作。（改变资金所属权）这个内部账务的操作我们称之为“清分”。
所以有些场景下我们可以理解为：清算=清分+结算。
- 清算：账务与资金同步。
- 清分：不涉及资金流转，系统内部跨账户的账务操作。
- 结算：资金所属权的转移。
银联定义的清算含义 指的就是在人行内部，银行与银行之间的资金所属权转移。人行是银行的银行，可以这么理解。个人和企业在普通银行开账户，每个银行也会在人行开设账户。
总结
理解概念不能脱离实际场景，基于具体场景去理解概念是最有效的方式。
虽然基于场景理解概念会造成对其含义把握局限性，但是这个随着场景越来越多，每个人综合分析后就会把握概念其本质含义。后续文章介绍网联和备付金概念时会大量应用这些。
本文我们通过银票、POS本行收单、POS跨行收单解释了资金流和信息流，又以资金流和信息流的角度解释了微信支付的三种模式。资金流和信息流的合规性是评断支付系统合规性评断的锚点，大家可以多找场景去揣摩其含义背后的本质。
笔者近几年误打误撞进入金融科技领域工作，最开始最痛苦的就是对概念的理解把握不足。为此笔者（笔者早期自学过经济学）开始恶补金融学相关专业，看了众多的书籍和文章，同时和业内的同学、朋友交流、请教，最后结合实践总结自己的体会。希望可以分享出来给刚入行的朋友们一个少走弯路的通道，同时也希望走过路过的专家、高手不吝赐教。
请大家持续关注，欢迎留言讨论。
注：文/侠之大者，文章来源：人人都是产品经理。本文为作者独立观点，不代表虚拟卡客立场，内容仅供网友参考学习。对于因本网站内容所引起的纠纷、损失等，虚拟卡客均不承担侵权行为的连带责任。
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