人民币跨境支付系统(Cross-border Interbank Payment System,简称CIPS)是由中国人民银行组织开发的独立支付系统,为境内外金融机构人民币跨境和离岸业务提供资金清算与结算服务,是中国重要的金融基础设施,旨在进一步整合现有人民币跨境支付结算渠道和资源,提高跨境清算效率,满足各主要时区的人民币业务发展需要,提高交易的安全性,构建公平的市场竞争环境。该系统于2012年4月12日开始建设,2015年10月8日上午第一期正式启动,2018年3月26日,第二期投产试运行。CIPS共有31家境内外直接参与者,695家境内外间接参与者,实际业务范围已延伸到148个国家和地区。
CIPS分为两期建设:一期主要采用实施全额结算方式,为跨境贸易、跨境投融资和其他跨境人民币业务提供清算、结算服务。二期将采用更为节约流动性的混合结算方式,提供人民币跨境和离岸资金的清算、结算效率。
CIPS一期的5大特点:
- 1、采用实时全额结算方式处理客户汇款和金融机构汇款两类业务。
- 2、直接参与者一点介入,集中清算业务,缩短清算路径,提高清算效率。
- 3、采用国际通用ISO20022报文标准,标语参与者跨境业务直通处理。
- 4、运行时间覆盖亚洲、欧洲、非洲、大洋洲等人民币业务主要时区。
- 5、为境内直接参与者提供专线接入方式。
CIPS建成对人民币的意义:CIPS的建成标志着人民币国内支付和国际支付统筹得到重要进展。作为重要的金融基础设施,对促进人民币国际化进程将起到重要支撑作用。
现有人民币跨境清算模式主要包括清算行模式和代理行模式。清算行模式下,港澳清算行直接接入大额支付系统,其他清算行通过其总行或者母行接入大额支付系统,所有清算行以大额支付系统为依托完成跨境及离岸人民币清算服务。代理行模式下,境内代理行直接接入大额支付系统,境外参加行可在境内代理行开立人民币同业往来账户进行人民币跨境和离岸资金清算。
清算行模式是指通过境外的清算行来完成人民币离岸金融中心的资金清算的模式,境外银行要成为的人民币境外清算行从事境外人民币清算业务不仅需要境外所在地金融管理部门的认可,还需要中国人民银行的授权。之后该境外清算行需要与境外非清算银行签订人民币代理结算协议,并为其开立人民币同业往来账户,进而代理境外非清算银行进行跨境人民币交易。清算行模式按照不同类别的清算行在执行人民币跨境环节时有所差异,港澳清算行(即中国银行的港澳分行)通过大额支付系统完成人民币跨境,而其他境外清算行(主要是中国银行、中国工商银行、中国建设银行与交通银行境外分行)则通过SWIFT连接到总行进行人民币跨境,并通过CNAPS进行跨行清算。


代理行模式指本国银行通过与别国银行建立往来账户来完成资金清算的模式,在跨境货币清算中更常见。代理行一般是境内具备国际清算业务能力的商业银行,可与境外银行签订人民币代理结算协议,并为其开立人民币同业往来账户,进而代理境外银行进行跨境人民币交易。在人民币跨境环节中境内代理行是通过SWIFT进行连接并通过CNAPS进行清算的。
NRA模式是经中国人民银行分支机构核准,境外企业直接在境内银行申请开立非居民人民币结算账户,通过境内银行清算系统或CNAPS进行人民币跨境清算的模式,应用广度不及清算行模式与代理行模式。
作为国家级金融市场基础设施,CIPS的建设与运营遵守统一国际准则,在系统设计与规则制定等方面遵守并落实《金融市场基础设施原则》与《重要支付系统核心原则》等要求。CIPS直接参与者是指在CIPS开立账户的机构,间接参与者则需在直接参与者开立同业账户。CIPS参与者的所有支付和信息类业务均通过CIPS处理,这也就保证了CIPS系统可以与SWIFT保持相对独立,无论是直接参与者,还是间接参与者均可免受交易信息泄露进而导致被美国金融制裁潜在风险的冲击。
注:文章来源:中国商务部网站,本文为作者独立观点,不代表虚拟卡客立场,内容仅供网友参考学习。对于因本网站内容所引起的纠纷、损失等,虚拟卡客均不承担侵权行为的连带责任。
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